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Keywords used: animal welfare, animal rights, welfare vs rights, humane slaughter, abolition, Five Freedoms, legal personhood.
(providing an appropriate environment and shelter). Keywords used: animal welfare, animal rights, welfare vs
In contrast, the animal rights position, most famously articulated by philosopher Tom Regan, is deontological—it focuses on inherent value rather than merely the absence of pain. Regan argues that certain animals are "subjects-of-a-life" who possess beliefs, desires, memory, and a sense of the future. Because they have an inherent value that is not contingent on their usefulness to others, they possess fundamental rights, most notably the right not to be treated as property. From this perspective, even a "happy" farm animal is wronged because its life is instrumentalized. The right to life and liberty is inviolable; therefore, animal rights advocates call for the complete abolition of factory farming, animal testing, circuses, and hunting. As philosopher Gary Francione puts it, "Rights are meaningless if they can be trumped by someone else’s pleasure, convenience, or profit." The right to life and liberty is inviolable;
Welfare groups champion labels like "cage-free," "free-range," or "certified humane." Rights advocates see these as "humane washing." As law professor Gary Francione argues, if we wouldn't call something "humane" when done to a dog or a human, we shouldn't use the adjective for a pig. "Humane slaughter," he notes, is an oxymoron. " he notes
Welfare is utilitarian. It focuses on the "Five Freedoms," which have become the global gold standard for welfare assessment:
The update also introduces new locations to explore, including:
The 19th and 20th centuries saw the establishment of various animal welfare organizations, such as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) in England (1824) and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) in the United States (1866). These organizations focused on preventing animal cruelty and promoting humane treatment, but their scope was largely limited to protecting animals from egregious forms of abuse.