However, the true Victorian monster is the possessive mother. In D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers (1913), Gertrude Morel is the quintessential "devouring mother." Alienated from her brutish, alcoholic husband, she pours all her intellectual and emotional energy into her son, Paul. She grooms him as a substitute spouse, subtly sabotaging his relationships with other women (Miriam and Clara). Lawrence’s novel is a masterpiece of ambivalence; Gertrude is sympathetic in her suffering but terrifying in her need. She cannot let her son live his own life, and only her death finally releases Paul to his own destiny.
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