| Question Type | What to Look For | Sample Answer Skeleton | |---------------|------------------|------------------------| | | Identify parental genotypes → list gametes → fill grid → count phenotypes. | “Parents are Aa × aa. Gametes: A, a (dad) & a, a (mom). Grid yields ½ Aa (dominant) and ½ aa (recessive). Phenotypic ratio 1:1.” | | Hardy‑Weinberg Calculation | Given allele frequency or genotype counts, plug into p², 2pq, q². | “Observed: 64 AA, 32 Aa, 4 aa (total 100). p = (2 64 + 32) / (2 100) = 0.8; q = 0.2. Expected: p²=0.64, 2pq=0.32, q²=0.04 → 64, 32, 4 – matches observed → population in HW equilibrium.” | | Mutation Effect | Determine if change is silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift. | “A→T substitution in the third base of a codon changes UUU (Phe) to UUA (Leu) → missense mutation.” | | Gene Regulation Diagram | Identify promoter, operator, repressor, activator. | “In the lac operon, lactose removal → repressor binds operator → transcription blocked.” | | Population‑Genetics Scenario | Recognize drift, selection, migration, or non‑random mating. | “Small isolated island → loss of alleles over generations → genetic drift dominates.” | | Ethical Question | Cite a principle (autonomy, beneficence, justice) and a relevant case. | “CRISPR germ‑line editing raises concerns of consent (autonomy) because future individuals cannot approve the modifications made to their genome.” |
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