Peasants were subjected to an increasing array of taxes, forced labor ( visti ), and arbitrary exactions by their immediate landlords. Because the landlords held judicial powers, the peasants had little to no recourse against exploitation. Sharma noted that this period saw the subjection of the peasantry to serfdom-like conditions in many parts of the country. Cultivators were often tied to the soil, forbidden from leaving their villages without the landlord's permission, ensuring a steady supply of labor for the feudal lords in a labor-scarce, land-abundant economy. Religious Ideology and Feudal Legitimation
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He links the transition to a "social crisis" in the Kali Age, characterized by a decline in long-distance trade, a paucity of metallic coinage, and the decay of urban centers. This forced a shift toward a self-sufficient, agrarian-based economy. Peasants were subjected to an increasing array of
📍 Sharma's work remains the starting point for anyone studying the transition from Ancient to Medieval India. Cultivators were often tied to the soil, forbidden
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If you are downloading the PDF, ensure you focus on chapters discussing land grants, the rise of the Samantas, and the changing status of women. These chapters hold the key to cracking the complex transition of Indian history.